remineralize

Remineralize is the process of restoring minerals to a material or tissue that has lost mineral content. It occurs in natural systems and in engineered treatments, and is used in dentistry, soil science, water treatment, and medicine to repair or enhance structural integrity or nutritional balance.

In dentistry, remineralization describes the natural repair of early tooth decay. Saliva supplies calcium and phosphate ions, and fluoride can promote formation of fluorapatite, helping redeposit minerals into demineralized enamel and dentin. This process can reverse early lesions if mineral availability and favorable pH persist.

In soil science, remineralization means replacing nutrients that have been leached or removed. It often involves adding mineral amendments such as lime (calcium carbonate) to adjust pH, rock dust or minerals to replenish trace elements, and compost to improve nutrient cycling. Proper remineralization supports plant growth and soil structure, but excess minerals can cause environmental problems.

In water treatment, remineralization follows demineralization; mineral salts are added to restore taste, stabilize pH, and protect piping and equipment. Common additives include calcium and magnesium salts, introduced at controlled dosages after desalination or filtration.

Biologically, remineralization occurs in bone and other hard tissues during growth and repair, as minerals such as calcium and phosphate are deposited by cells. Therapeutic approaches may aim to promote remineralization in osteoporosis or fracture healing, alongside nutrition and medications.