canvassing

Canvassing is a direct outreach practice used in politics and civic campaigns in which individuals, often volunteers or campaign staff, visit households or contact people by phone or text to discuss issues, present a candidate or position, and seek support or turnout. It is aimed at influencing opinions and behavior.

Common methods include door-to-door canvassing, phone banking, and text messaging, as well as street canvassing at events. Canvassers use prepared scripts and question prompts, collect basic information about voters, and track responses to tailor follow-up contact or get-out-the-vote efforts.

Historically, canvassing has been central to grassroots organizing in many democracies, often associated with political parties or civic associations. It emphasizes interpersonal contact, allows for two-way conversations, and can test messages in local communities. Digital canvassing has expanded reach through online or app-based tools.

Legal and ethical considerations include compliance with consent requirements, privacy laws, and restrictions on unsolicited contact. In many places there are do-not-call lists and limits on door-to-door activity. Canvassers are expected to avoid deception, respect safety and property, and honor recipients' preferences to disengage.

Effectiveness varies by context; canvassing can increase attendance or support modestly in some campaigns, while other studies report limited impact. Critics say it can feel intrusive or raise privacy concerns. The rise of microtargeting and data analytics has intensified debates about methods and ethics.