bpd

BPD, short for borderline personality disorder, is a mental health condition characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, along with impulsive behavior. The disturbance typically begins in early adulthood and occurs across multiple contexts, leading to distress or impairment.

In the DSM-5, BPD is diagnosed when a person exhibits five or more of the following symptoms: frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment; unstable, intense relationships; identity disturbance; impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging; recurrent self-harm or suicidal behavior; affective instability due to rapid mood changes; chronic feelings of emptiness; inappropriate, intense anger; and transient stress-related paranoia or dissociation.

Causes are not fully understood but involve a combination of genetic vulnerability, neurobiological differences, and environmental factors such as childhood trauma or invalidating environments. Comorbidity with mood, anxiety, substance use, and other personality disorders is common, which can complicate diagnosis and treatment.

Treatment emphasizes psychotherapy as first-line care, with dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) being one of the most studied approaches. Other evidence-based options include mentalization-based therapy (MBT) and schema-focused therapy. Pharmacotherapy may help with co-occurring symptoms or conditions, while safety planning and crisis management are important during acute episodes. The goal is to reduce self-harm risk, improve functioning, and promote more stable relationships.

With appropriate treatment, many individuals experience a reduction in symptoms and improved quality of life, though the course is variable. Early diagnosis and ongoing support can enhance outcomes. In other domains, BPD may refer to barrels per day, a unit of production used in the oil and gas industry.