mentalizationbased

Mentalization-based approaches refer to psychotherapeutic and psychosocial interventions grounded in the theory of mentalization, the capacity to understand oneself and others in terms of intentional mental states such as beliefs, desires, feelings, and motivations. Mentalization is thought to support flexible social behavior and emotional regulation by helping individuals interpret behavior through hidden mental states rather than automatic assumptions.

Mentalization-based therapy (MBT) is the best-known application. It was developed in the 1990s by Peter Fonagy, Anthony Bateman, and colleagues to address emotion regulation and interpersonal difficulties, especially in borderline personality disorder (BPD). The approach is rooted in psychodynamic and attachment theory and emphasizes the therapeutic relationship as a context for practicing and improving mentalization. MBT has since been adapted for adults and adolescents and has been applied to other conditions that involve affect dysregulation and relational problems.

Core elements of MBT include a focus on recognizing and labeling mental states in oneself and others, maintaining curiosity about mental states during emotional distress, and helping clients understand the links between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Therapy often combines individual and group formats, and therapists deliberately model a mentalizing stance—being nonjudgmental, inquisitive, and collaborative when interpreting emotions and actions. Techniques may include exploring alternative explanations for behavior, validating experiences, and guiding clients to reflect on how mental states influence interactions.

Evidence suggests MBT can reduce self-harm and improve social functioning in BPD, with growing research in adolescents and other disorders. As with many specialized psychotherapies, effectiveness depends on trained therapists, appropriate settings, and adherence to manualized protocols.