birthing

Birthing is the process by which a person delivers a baby. In humans, birth usually occurs after 37 to 42 weeks of pregnancy and ends with the newborn entering the outside world. The process is influenced by hormonal, physical, and emotional changes and can take place in various settings with or without medical intervention.

Labor is typically described in three stages. The first stage includes latent, active, and transition phases, with contractions and cervical dilation from near 0 to 10 centimeters. The second stage runs from full dilation to the baby’s birth, involving pushing. The third stage delivers the placenta.

Birth methods include vaginal birth and cesarean section. Assisted vaginal delivery using instruments may be needed in some cases. Pain management ranges from nonmedical techniques such as breathing and position changes to medicines and regional anesthesia, chosen based on medical factors, preferences, and access to care.

Potential complications include postpartum hemorrhage, infection, fetal distress, and shoulder dystocia. Other risks include preeclampsia, prolonged labor, and uterine rupture, though most births are healthy with appropriate care and monitoring.

After birth, newborn care emphasizes breathing, warmth, feeding, and bonding. Skin-to-skin contact and early initiation of breastfeeding are commonly encouraged. The placenta is examined for signs of normal function, and the postpartum period focuses on recovery, follow-up, and support for the birthing person and baby.