biofilmek

Biofilmek, commonly referred to in English as biofilms, are structured communities of microorganisms that attach to surfaces and are embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This matrix anchors cells to each other and to surfaces and forms a hydrated, three-dimensional structure with channels that allow nutrient and waste transport.

Biofilm formation typically proceeds in stages: initial reversible adhesion of individual cells, irreversible attachment as cells produce EPS, maturation into a complex, surface-attached biofilm with microcolonies, and eventually dispersal of cells to colonize new sites. Microbes within biofilms exhibit altered phenotypes compared with planktonic cells, including increased resistance to antimicrobial agents and to host immune responses.

Biofilms are widespread in natural, clinical, and industrial settings. They are responsible for dental plaque, persist on medical devices such as catheters and implants, and contribute to chronic infections. In the environment, biofilms participate in nutrient cycling and wastewater treatment, but they can also cause biofouling and corrosion.

Detection and characterization methods include microscopy, staining with specific dyes, molecular techniques, and biofilm viability assays. Management hinges on preventing formation and disrupting established communities, using mechanical cleaning, appropriate disinfectants, and, in medical contexts, strategies to prevent device-related biofilms or to enhance antibiotic efficacy; novel approaches target EPS production, quorum sensing, or physical properties of the matrix.