banksias

Banksias are a genus of around 170 species of evergreen shrubs and trees in the Proteaceae family, native to Australia. They are characterized by distinctive inflorescences, cone-shaped or cylindrical flower heads that emerge from woody, beak-like bracts.

The flowers are typically nectar-rich and range in color from yellow to orange and red. After flowering, many species form woody seed cones that hold the seeds until they are released by fire; this serotiny is a well-known adaptation to Australia's fire-prone environment. Some species also resprout after fire from underground lignotubers.

Leaves vary widely in shape and size, from needle-like to broad and deeply lobed, often with a toothed margin. Banksias occupy a range of habitats, from coastal heath and woodland to inland scrub and jarrah or wandoo forests, with most species occurring in the eastern and southern halves of the continent.

Ecology: Banksias are important nectar sources for birds and other animals. Pollination is primarily by birds (honeyeaters) and mammals, with insects also contributing in some species. Soil in Banksia habitats is often nutrient-poor; plants are adapted to low phosphorus and sandy soils.

Cultivation: Banksias are cultivated as ornamental plants in gardens and parks in suitable climates, usually requiring full sun and well-drained soils. They are drought-tolerant once established but can be sensitive to phosphorus fertilisers. They are valued for long flowering displays and attracting wildlife.

In summary, banksias are a distinctive, fire-adapted Australian genus with ecological and horticultural importance.