azhdarchoids

Azhdarchoids are a clade of pterosaurs within Pterosauria that encompasses a long-running lineage known for their long necks and often elongated beaks. In many classifications, the term azhdarchoids refers to the larger group Azhdarchoidea, which includes Azhdarchidae and several related families such as Tapejaridae and Chaoyangopteridae. The precise composition of the group varies among phylogenetic analyses, but the term is commonly used to describe this recognizable, neck‑heavy radiation of Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous pterosaurs.

Anatomically, azhdarchoids are characterized by elongate skulls and necks, with winged forms exhibiting a wide range of body sizes. Many azhdarchids, the best-known subgroup, were among the largest flying animals, with wingspans that could reach around 10 meters or more. Dentition varies across the clade; some members retain teeth, while azhdarchids are typically toothless or tooth-reduced. The rostrum is often tall and pointed, adapted for their distinctive feeding styles.

Paleobiology and ecology suggest a predominantly terrestrial or near-terrestrial lifestyle for many azhdarchoids. They are thought to have stalked prey on land, including small vertebrates, rather than relying primarily on marine or shore-based foraging. This contrasts with several other pterosaur groups that are interpreted as more aquatic or shoreline dwellers. Their fossils are found in numerous regions, including North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa, highlighting a widespread Cretaceous distribution.

Notable genera include Azhdarchidae members such as Quetzalcoatlus and Hatzegopteryx, as well as tapejaromorphs like Sinopterus and Tapejara, and chaoyangopterids such as Chaoyangopterus. Together, azhdarchoids represent a major and diverse segment of pterosaur evolution.