avioonika

Avioonika, also known as avionics, is the branch of electronics dealing with the development and integration of electronic systems used on aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles. It encompasses hardware, software, and communication networks that support flight operations, air traffic management, and mission systems. Core subsystems include flight management systems, autopilots, cockpit displays, communication and navigation systems, radar and surveillance, weather sensing, and data management.

Navigation systems include inertial navigation systems (INS), GPS, VOR/ILS, RNAV, and DME. Communication systems include VHF/UHF radios, satellite communications, and data links. Surveillance and safety systems include TCAS, transponder, terrain awareness and warning system (TAWS), weather radar, and enhanced vision systems. Avionics are connected via data buses such as ARINC 429/629 and MIL-STD-1553, enabling real-time data exchange between components.

Historically, avionics evolved from basic radio navigation and radar to integrated digital displays and glass cockpits. The shift to integrated modular avionics (IMA) and fly-by-wire controls has improved reliability, maintainability, and airspace efficiency. Certification and safety standards, including DO-178C for software and DO-254 for hardware, govern development, testing, and reliability requirements.

Applications extend beyond fixed-wing airliners to helicopters, UAVs, business aircraft, space vehicles, and missiles. The ongoing trend is digitalization, standardization, increased redundancy, cybersecurity, and open architectures that support upgradeability and interoperability while meeting stringent airworthiness standards.