autokláv

An autokláv, or autoclave, is a pressure chamber used to sterilize equipment, supplies, and other materials by exposing them to saturated steam under high pressure. The combined effect of heat and moisture inactivates microorganisms, including spores, on all surfaces and within porous materials.

Principle and operation: the chamber is sealed and air is removed or displaced so that steam can contact every surface. Temperatures commonly used are 121°C (250°F) at about 15 psi for 15–20 minutes, or 134°C (273°F) for 3–5 minutes, with longer times for larger loads or dense materials. Cycles may include gravity-displacement methods, where steam gradually fills the chamber, or pre-vacuum (dynamic air removal) cycles that extract air before steam admission. A drying phase follows sterilization in many models.

Design and components: an autoclave consists of a sealed chamber, a locking door with a gasket, a steam generator or external boiler connection, control electronics, a pressure gauge, and safety valves. It uses demineralized water and includes indicators or sensors to verify that the target conditions were met.

Applications: medical and dental instrument sterilization, laboratory growth media and glassware, heat-stable textiles, and the sterilization of certain waste streams. Verification methods include chemical indicators, biological indicators (such as spores of Bacillus species), and regular maintenance checks.

Safety and maintenance: as a pressure vessel, autoclaves pose burn and explosion hazards if misused or poorly maintained. Regular calibration, water quality control, routine cleaning, and adherence to manufacturer instructions are essential.

History: the technology emerged in the late 19th century for steam sterilization and was refined for medical and laboratory use, with widespread adoption in healthcare and research settings.