athetotic

Athetotic refers to or relates to athetosis, a movement disorder characterized by slow, continuous, writhing, involuntary movements. Athetosis is often discussed in the context of dyskinesias and is distinct from chorea (rapid, brief, irregular) and dystonia (sustained muscle contractions). When present, athetotic movements commonly affect the hands and feet and may involve the face, tongue, and trunk, leading to difficulties with posture, fine motor tasks, and speech.

Causes and associations for athetotic movements include congenital conditions such as athetoid cerebral palsy, typically arising from perinatal brain injury that damages the basal ganglia. Contemporary cases may reflect various insults to the brain, including stroke, infections, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. The underlying theme is dysfunction of the basal ganglia–cortical circuits that regulate movement.

Clinical features often include slow, sinuous, and unpredictable posturing with fluctuating tone. Movements can worsen with stress or voluntary action and may interfere with reaching, grasping, and speech. In cerebral palsy, associated findings may include dysarthria, drooling, or limb deformities.

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment, supported by neuroimaging such as MRI to detect basal ganglia injury or perinatal brain lesions. EEG is not diagnostic for athetosis but may be used if seizures are present.

Treatment focuses on management of symptoms and underlying causes. Physical and occupational therapy support function and safety. Medications such as anticholinergics, benzodiazepines, and VMAT2 inhibitors (for example, tetrabenazine) can reduce hyperkinetic movements. Botulinum toxin may be useful for focal dystonia, and deep brain stimulation may be considered in severe, refractory cases. Outcome varies with etiology and comorbidity. See also athetosis, dyskinesia, cerebral palsy.