atheism

Atheism is a position that asserts no belief in the existence of deities. In broad usage, it refers to the absence of belief in gods rather than a positive assertion that gods do not exist. Some philosophers distinguish negative atheism (the lack of belief in gods) from positive or strong atheism (the claim that no gods exist).

Historically, atheistic ideas appear in various traditions, from ancient Greek and Indian materialist philosophies to modern secular and freethought movements. The contemporary usage often denotes a stance within public discourse that emphasizes rational inquiry, scientific explanations, and the separation of religion from civil life.

Demographics vary widely by country and survey. In many Western countries, a substantial minority identify as atheists or nonreligious; elsewhere belief in a god remains predominant. Global discussions about atheism are influenced by culture, politics, education, and access to information.

Atheism is distinct from agnosticism, which questions whether knowledge about gods is possible, and from anti-theism, which actively opposes belief in gods. It is often associated with secularism, humanism, and philosophical naturalism.

Critics argue about the burden of proof and what counts as justification for belief or disbelief. Proponents contend that atheism follows from evidence and inquiry rather than from faith.