asthmatics

An asthmatic is a person who has asthma, a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation. Symptoms vary and commonly include wheeze, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, which may be worse at night or in the early morning.

Triggers and variability are important features. Symptoms can be triggered by allergens such as pollen, dust mites, mold, and animal dander; irritants like tobacco smoke and air pollution; exercise; viral infections; cold air; and other factors. The condition ranges from intermittent to persistent, and exacerbations can require urgent care.

Diagnosis relies on clinical history and objective testing. Lung function tests such as spirometry demonstrate reversible obstruction after bronchodilator use. Additional measures may include peak expiratory flow monitoring, bronchial challenge tests, and assessment of symptom patterns to confirm asthma and exclude other conditions.

Treatment and management aim to prevent symptoms, reduce exacerbations, and minimize limits on activity. Reliever inhalers containing short-acting beta-agonists provide rapid symptom relief. Daily controller therapy, especially inhaled corticosteroids, is the mainstay for persistent asthma. Other controllers include long-acting beta-agonists with ICS, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and certain biologics for severe disease. Non-pharmacologic strategies include action plans, vaccinations, smoking avoidance, weight management, regular monitoring, and avoiding known triggers.

Prognosis and demographics vary. With appropriate treatment and self-management, most asthmatics can lead active lives, though severe asthma remains a risk for hospitalization. Prevalence and access to care differ by age, geography, and socioeconomic factors.