antiparazitika

Antiparazitika are medicines used to treat infections caused by parasites, including protozoa, helminths (worms), and ectoparasites such as mites and lice. They may be taken orally, applied topically, or given by injection, and are chosen according to the parasite species, life cycle stage, geographic exposure, and patient factors. The aim is to eradicate infection, relieve symptoms, prevent transmission, and reduce disease burden.

Classes include antiprotozoals for protozoal infections (for example metronidazole and tinidazole; nitazoxanide), antimalarials (chloroquine, artemisinin derivatives, mefloquine, atovaquone-proguanil), and other drugs used against protozoa. Helminth infections are treated with benzimidazoles (albendazole, mebendazole), praziquantel, and niclosamide. For ectoparasites, topical agents such as permethrin and pyrethrins and oral or topical formulations like malathion and ivermectin are used depending on the parasite and clinical setting.

Most antiparazitika act by disrupting essential parasite processes, including metabolism and nervous system function. Examples include albendazole inhibiting tubulin polymerization, praziquantel increasing calcium influx and causing paralysis, metronidazole causing DNA damage in anaerobic organisms, and artemisinin derivatives generating reactive radicals to kill malaria parasites.

Use requires medical supervision to ensure correct drug and dose, monitor adverse effects, and address resistance concerns. Side effects vary by agent and can include gastrointestinal upset, fatigue, liver or nervous system effects, and hypersensitivity. Misuse and overuse contribute to drug resistance. In public health, antiparazitika are key tools in controlling parasitic diseases and are complemented by sanitation, vector control, and vaccination where available.