alShura

Al-Shura (Arabic: الشورى), also transliterated ash-Shura, is a term that denotes consultation. In Islamic political thought, it describes a governance principle whereby leaders govern after seeking advice and consent from qualified advisers or the community, rather than ruling by unilateral decree.

Etymology and scriptural basis: The word shura comes from the Arabic root sh-w-r, meaning to consult or deliberate. The Qur’an urges believers to conduct affairs by mutual consultation and to seek counsel in matters of importance. The practice is associated with the Prophet Muhammad, who consulted with his companions before decisions and who encouraged governance guided by collective deliberation.

Historical use: In the early Islamic state, decisions were often made through consultation among the Prophet’s companions and senior officials. Over time, some dynasties and states formalized shura-like bodies with advisory powers, though the exact authority and procedures varied. In modern times, al-Shura is used as the name for official consultative bodies in several Muslim-majority countries, reflecting differing constitutional arrangements and levels of influence.

Modern examples: The most well-known formal shura is Saudi Arabia’s Majlis ash-Shura, an appointed advisory council that reviews legislation and budgets and submits recommendations to the king and government. Its opinions influence policy but are not binding. Other countries maintain shura councils or consultative assemblies with varying degrees of legislative influence, appointment or election procedures, and constitutional recognition.

See also: Shura (Islamic concept); Consultative assembly.