The concept dates back to the early 20th century, when mechanical inertia-based sensors were used in ballistic and seismic studies. The first practical electromechanical accelerometers were developed in the 1930s, and the advent of semiconductor technology in the 1960s enabled the creation of piezoelectric and MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) accelerometers. These small devices now dominate the market because they are inexpensive, low-power and can be integrated into smartphones, automotive safety systems and industrial equipment.
An accelerometer operates by suspending a proof mass in a frame that is constrained by elastic elements. When the device experiences acceleration, the mass deflects, producing a measurable change in a physical property. Piezoelectric accelerometers generate voltage proportional to deformation, while capacitive MEMS accelerometers vary capacitance between interdigitated plates. Seismometers, as a special class, are tailored to detect extremely low-frequency vibrations.
Accelerometers are classified by the detection technology (piezoelectric, capacitive, resonant), their frequency response, sensitivity and form factor. Three-axis units provide vectorial acceleration data, essential for inertial navigation, motion capture and robotics. One- or two-axis sensors are common in consumer electronics and automotive sensors.
Current applications span civil engineering, where they monitor structural integrity and earthquake damage; aerospace, where they aid in guidance and attitude control; consumer electronics, providing step counting and orientation; and automotive, where they enable air‑bag deployment, stability control and advanced driver assistance systems. In research and industry, accelerometrat data is crucial for vibration analysis, predictive maintenance and biomechanical studies.
The global market for accelerometers is projected to grow steadily, driven by the proliferation of the Internet of Things, autonomous vehicles and additive manufacturing. Emerging research focuses on increasing sensitivity, reducing noise, and integrating multiaxis sensors with wireless communication for real-time monitoring.