abces

An abscess, or abces, is a localized collection of pus within tissue, an organ, or a potential space, usually caused by infection. The pus consists of bacteria, dead cells, and tissue debris, surrounded by inflamed tissue that attempts to wall off the infection. The condition often presents with local signs of inflammation such as pain, swelling, warmth, and redness, sometimes with fever or malaise.

Most abscesses are caused by bacteria, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus, including strains resistant to methicillin (MRSA) in some settings. Other organisms, such as Streptococcus species and anaerobic bacteria, may contribute, particularly in dental, perineal, or deep-seated abscesses. Risk factors for abscess formation include skin trauma, diabetes, immunosuppression, poor hygiene, and conditions that disrupt normal drainage of secretions.

Common types include cutaneous abscesses (skin and soft tissue), dental abscesses (periapical infections around a tooth), and deep-seated abscesses (in organs such as the liver, lungs, or brain). Diagnosis relies on clinical examination and imaging when needed. Ultrasound is commonly used for superficial abscesses, while CT or MRI helps define deep or complex collections. Laboratory tests may show leukocytosis or elevated inflammatory markers; blood cultures can be indicated if systemic symptoms are present.

Treatment centers on drainage and infection control. Incision and drainage is the primary treatment for uncomplicated cutaneous abscesses. Antibiotics are used as an adjunct in cases of surrounding cellulitis, systemic illness, immune compromise, large or refractive collections, or specific locations. Dental abscesses require removal or treatment of the source, with antibiotics as needed. Complications can include spread of infection, sepsis, or fistula formation, but outcomes improve with timely drainage and appropriate antimicrobial therapy.