aDRS

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are harmful or unintended responses to medicines that occur at normal therapeutic doses. The World Health Organization defines an ADR as a noxious, unintended reaction to a drug that occurs at doses normally used in humans. ADRs range from mild adverse effects to life-threatening events and can result from a drug’s properties, interactions, patient factors, or misuse. They are a major concern in pharmacovigilance, which collects reports to identify safety signals. ADRs are commonly categorized as type A (augmented, dose-related and predictable) and type B (bizarre, idiosyncratic).

American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are certificates that represent shares in foreign companies and trade in U.S. securities markets. Issued by U.S. banks, ADRs allow investors to own foreign stock in U.S. dollars without dealing with local markets. They may be sponsored or unsponsored and come in levels I–IV, which determine trading venues and rights such as dividends and voting. ADRs expose investors to exchange-rate risk and foreign regulatory regimes while typically offering greater liquidity than direct cross-border listings.

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) refers to processes used to settle disputes without formal court litigation. The main methods are negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and early neutral evaluation. ADR can be faster, cheaper, and more confidential than court trials, and it often preserves relationships. Limitations include limited grounds for appeal, potential enforceability concerns depending on the mechanism, and the influence of party and mediator/arbitrator selection. ADR is widely used in commercial, labor, consumer, and international disputes as a flexible alternative to litigation.