Zoochory

Zoochory is the movement of plant propagules, such as seeds or fruits, by animals, and is a major mechanism of seed dispersal in many ecosystems. It includes several mechanisms, notably endozoochory, ectozoochory, and synzoochory.

Endozoochory occurs when animals eat fleshy fruits and the seeds pass through the digestive system to be excreted away from the parent plant. Seed viability after digestion varies by species and gut passage can enhance germination in some cases through scarification or exposure to nutrients in feces, while in others seeds may be damaged or destroyed.

Ectozoochory involves seeds that attach to fur, feathers, or other body surfaces and are transported externally. Detachment can occur through movement, grooming, or natural shedding, leading to dispersal over short to moderate distances, depending on the vector and terrain.

Synzoochory refers to seed dispersal via caching or seed storage by animals, often by scatter-hoarding of seeds by rodents or caching birds. Some cached seeds are forgotten or left unretrieved, allowing germination away from the parent plant and potentially contributing to long-distance dispersal and genetic mixing.

Zoochory influences plant population dynamics, community composition, and range expansion. It is closely linked to animal behavior and ecology, and plants often evolve traits to attract dispersers, such as fleshy fruits, bright coloration, or protective seed coats. The interaction supports biodiversity and resilience in many terrestrial ecosystems.