Zmatenost

Zmatenost is a Czech term describing a state of impaired clarity of thought, disorientation, and difficulty understanding or making decisions. It can refer to a temporary mental fog in everyday language or to a clinical syndrome such as delirium. The emphasis is on reduced ability to process information, maintain attention, and orient oneself in time and space.

Causes of zmatenost are diverse and may be acute or chronic. They include medical conditions such as infections, dehydration, electrolyte or metabolic disturbances, hypoglycemia, and organ failure; neurological disorders such as delirium, dementia, stroke, or brain injury; intoxication or withdrawal from alcohol or drugs; sleep deprivation or severe stress. Medications, polypharmacy, or sensory impairments can also contribute.

Symptoms vary but often involve difficulties with concentration, memory problems, impaired judgment, and confusion about place, time, or people. Perceptual disturbances, agitation, or reduced responsiveness may accompany the condition. In clinical settings, zmatenost prompts systematic assessment to identify reversible causes and to distinguish delirium from chronic cognitive disorders.

Diagnosis and treatment focus on the underlying cause. Evaluation typically includes a medical history, physical and mental status examination, cognitive testing, and appropriate laboratory tests or imaging. Management may involve treating infections, correcting hydration and electrolytes, adjusting medications, ensuring safety, and providing supportive care. Delirium requires urgent attention, especially in older adults, as timely treatment improves outcomes. Depending on the cause, zmatenost may be temporary or persistent.