Xanax

Xanax is the brand name for alprazolam, a short- to intermediate-acting benzodiazepine anxiolytic used to treat anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. It may be prescribed for short-term relief of severe anxiety symptoms and is sometimes used off-label for other conditions, under medical supervision.

Alprazolam acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABA-A receptor, enhancing the inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter GABA. This leads to calming effects on the nervous system, with additional sedative, anticonvulsant, and muscle-relaxant properties. The medication is typically prescribed for short durations because prolonged use can lead to tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal challenges.

The drug is available in several oral forms, including immediate-release tablets, extended-release tablets, and orally disintegrating tablets. Onset of action is relatively fast, often within 30 to 60 minutes, with peak effects in one to two hours. The half-life is approximately 11 to 16 hours in healthy adults, though this can vary with age, liver function, and other factors. Alprazolam is primarily metabolized by the liver via the CYP3A4 enzyme and can interact with other medications and substances that affect this pathway, including some antifungals, antibiotics, and grapefruit juice.

Safety and side effects are important considerations. Common adverse effects include drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, impaired coordination, and cognitive impairment. There is a well-recognized potential for dependence and withdrawal upon discontinuation, especially after ongoing use. Use with alcohol or other central nervous system depressants increases the risk of serious sedation or respiratory depression. It is generally avoided in pregnancy and breastfeeding and is contraindicated in certain conditions such as acute narrow-angle glaucoma. Xanax is a controlled substance (Schedule IV in the United States), and appropriate medical supervision is essential to minimize risks.