Wools

Wool is a natural fiber obtained from the fleece of sheep and other animals. The term also covers the wools produced by goats (cashmere, mohair), llamas and alpacas, and other wool-bearing species. Sheep wool is the most widely used, valued for its warmth, resilience and moisture-management. The fiber is a protein keratin with scales on its surface and a natural crimp that creates air pockets, giving insulation and elasticity.

Wool can absorb a significant amount of moisture without feeling wet and loses little insulating ability when damp. It is also relatively flame resistant. The properties vary with fiber diameter (micron), length and crimp; fine wools feel soft and are used for base garments, while sturdier wools are used for outerwear and carpets.

Processing involves shearing, cleaning (scouring), carding, combing, and spinning. Spun yarns may be drafted into worsted (long-staple, smooth) or woolen (short-staple, fuzzy) fabrics. Wool products include apparel, knitwear, suitings, and carpeting; felt is produced by matting and condensing short fibers.

Quality is indexed by fiber diameter, length, strength and yield. The leading producers are Australia, followed by China and New Zealand. Wool farming and processing face environmental and animal welfare considerations, including mulesing of lambs in some countries; initiatives such as Responsible Wool Standard aim to improve welfare and sustainability.

Care guidelines emphasize cool or warm water, mild detergents, and gentle handling; wool is often air- or lay-flat-dried to avoid shrinkage.