Windturbine

A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy in wind into electrical energy. Most contemporary turbines are configured as horizontal-axis machines with three blades mounted on a high tower. When wind flows past the rotor, the blades capture energy and rotate a shaft connected to a generator in the nacelle, producing electricity that is then conditioned and transmitted for grid use.

The main components include the rotor (blades, hub, and shaft), the nacelle housing the drivetrain and generator, a gearbox (in many models) or a direct-drive system, a pitch mechanism to adjust blade angle, a yaw system to keep the rotor facing the wind, a braking system, a transformer, and a tall supporting tower on a foundation.

Operation depends on wind speed and turbine design. Turbines typically start producing power at a cut-in wind speed around 3–4 m/s, reach their rated output near 12–15 m/s, and shut down at high wind speeds around 25 m/s. Control systems adjust blade pitch and rotor yaw to regulate output and protect the equipment; many systems also include telemetry and remote monitoring.

Onshore and offshore installations differ in size, cost, and operating environment. Offshore turbines are often larger and provide higher capacity factors but involve greater engineering challenges. The technology also includes variations such as direct-drive models and different blade materials; vertical-axis designs are rare in utility-scale production.

Wind turbines contribute to low-emission electricity but require careful siting to minimize wildlife impacts and noise. Lifecycle costs, manufacturing, installation, and maintenance influence overall economics. Modern wind power is a mature, expanding sector integrated with electricity grids worldwide.