Weightmanagement

Weight management refers to the set of strategies used to prevent unhealthy gain or loss of body weight and to maintain a healthy body weight. It commonly uses body mass index (BMI) as a general reference, with health risks increasingly evident at higher BMIs, while waist circumference can provide additional information about cardiometabolic risk.

Central to weight management is energy balance: calories consumed versus calories expended. This balance is influenced by diet quality, physical activity, sleep, stress, hormones, and genetics. Effective, long-term management focuses on sustainable lifestyle changes rather than short-term or extreme diets.

Approaches typically begin with behavioral and lifestyle changes: moderate caloric reduction, emphasis on nutrient-dense foods, portion control, and regular eating patterns; and increased physical activity, including aerobic exercise and resistance training. Self-monitoring, goal setting, and support from healthcare providers can improve adherence.

Medical interventions are considered when weight-related health issues persist or are severe. Options include pharmacotherapy for certain individuals, and bariatric or metabolic surgery for eligible patients. Ongoing monitoring covers weight trajectory, nutrient status, and potential adverse effects, with adjustments as needed.

Weight management is influenced by age, sex, genetics, pregnancy, metabolic disorders, and mental health. Social determinants such as income, education, and access to healthy foods and safe activity spaces affect outcomes. Caution is warranted with fad diets or unsupervised programs due to limited evidence and possible harm.

At the population level, weight management intersects with public health policy, food labeling, nutrition standards, and programs that increase availability of healthy foods and opportunities for physical activity. Evidence-based programs emphasize safety, effectiveness, and equity in addressing weight-related health risks.