Verbascum

Verbascum, commonly known as mullein, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Plantaginaceae (formerly placed in Scrophulariaceae). The genus comprises about 250 species, including Verbascum thapsus, the common mullein. Native to Europe, Asia, and northwestern Africa, these plants are now found in temperate regions worldwide as naturalized flora and ornamentals.

Description: Most species are biennial or short-lived perennials. They form a basal rosette of woolly, grey-green leaves in the first year, then a tall flowering spike in the second year. The spike bears numerous yellow, orange, or purple flowers depending on the species. Dense hairs help reduce water loss and protect younger tissues.

Habitat and ecology: Verbascum species prefer sunny, well-drained soils and are common in disturbed ground, roadsides, and meadows. They are nectar sources for bees and other pollinators, especially during late spring and summer. Some species produce sizeable seed banks and can persist through drought.

Taxonomy and species: The genus comprises around 250 species with similar growth forms, though flower color and leaf morphology vary. Identification typically relies on inflorescence structure and habitat, and may be challenging without regional keys.

Uses and cultural significance: Verbascum thapsus and related species have a long history in traditional herbal medicine as demulcents for coughs and sore throats. They are also grown ornamentally in wildflower gardens. Modern evidence for therapeutic benefits is limited, and preparations should be used cautiously due to potential allergies. Horticultural cultivars are popular for their tall, airy flower spikes.

Invasive status and management: In some regions mullein can behave as a weed in pastures and disturbed soils. Management includes mowing or hand-pulling before seed set, regular removal of flowering stalks, and preventing reseeding.