Horticultural

Horticultural refers to horticulture, the science and art of growing plants for human use. It covers the cultivation, propagation, and management of fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants, and herbs, typically in gardens, nurseries, parks, and landscapes, as well as controlled environments such as greenhouses. Horticultural practices aim to optimize plant health, crop yield, and aesthetic value while conserving resources and minimizing environmental impact.

Subfields include floriculture (flowers and ornamental plants), pomology (fruit), olericulture (vegetables), and landscape horticulture. The discipline also intersects with plant breeding, soil science, irrigation engineering, crop protection, pest management, and plant pathology. Techniques commonly employed are plant propagation (seeds, cuttings, layering, grafting and budding), pruning, soil preparation, fertilization, irrigation, drainage, and integrated pest management.

Application areas include commercial nurseries, urban and suburban landscaping, public parks, school and community gardens, and research within universities. Horticultural science supports food production, aesthetic gardening, urban greening, and conservation. Education in horticulture covers certificates, diplomas, and degrees, with professional associations offering standards and continuing education.

Historical note: the term derives from Latin hortus "garden" and cultura "cultivation." Modern horticulture emerged as a distinct field in the 18th–19th centuries, evolving with advancements in genetics, plant physiology, and technology.