Varusvalgus

Varusvalgus is a term used in orthopedics to describe angular deformities of a joint in the frontal (coronal) plane, where the distal segment tilts toward (varus) or away from (valgus) the midline of the body. These terms are applied to describe the alignment of limbs and joints, most commonly the knee, but also the elbow, ankle, and hip.

In practice, varus deformity means inward angulation of the distal segment relative to the proximal segment, while valgus deformity means outward angulation. When used about the knee, genu varum (bow-legged) refers to a varus alignment, and genu valgum (knock-knee) refers to a valgus alignment. The terms can describe static alignment seen at rest or dynamic instability under load.

Causes of varus and valgus deformities vary and include congenital or developmental factors, growth plate disturbances, traumatic injuries, inflammatory or degenerative arthritis, and neuromuscular conditions. They may be isolated to one joint or part of a generalized alignment issue.

Assessment involves history and physical examination, including stress testing to evaluate collateral ligaments. Varus and valgus stress tests help assess lateral and medial stabilizing structures, respectively. Imaging, particularly radiographs, provides quantitative measures such as the mechanical axis (hip–knee–ankle angle) and joint-space narrowing. In children, deformities are monitored for growth-related changes; in adults, treatment focuses on correcting alignment and addressing underlying disease.

Management ranges from observation and physical therapy to bracing, osteotomy to correct bony alignment, or joint replacement in advanced degenerative cases. The choice depends on degree of deformity, symptoms, age, and causes.