Trombózu

Trombózu is the accusative singular form of trombóza in Czech, a term used to refer to thrombosis, the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel that impedes blood flow. Thrombosis can involve arteries or veins and may lead to tissue damage or life-threatening complications. Venous thrombosis, including deep vein thrombosis, most commonly affects the legs, while arterial thrombosis can cause heart attack or stroke when vessels supplying the heart or brain are blocked.

The pathophysiology centers on Virchow's triad: endothelial injury, blood flow stasis, and hypercoagulability. These factors promote clot formation. Risk factors include advanced age, recent surgery or trauma, prolonged immobility, cancer, pregnancy, use of estrogen-containing medications, obesity, smoking, and inherited thrombophilias such as factor V Leiden or prothrombin gene mutations.

Common symptoms depend on the affected vessel. Deep vein thrombosis may present with leg swelling, pain, and warmth; pulmonary embolism, a potential complication, can cause sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, and rapid heart rate. Arterial thrombosis may present with sudden limb pain, pallor, numbness, or loss of function.

Diagnosis typically involves clinical assessment plus imaging and laboratory tests. Ultrasound is used for suspected venous clots; D-dimer testing can support diagnosis. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography or MR angiography helps detect arterial or pulmonary clots.

Treatment aims to prevent clot growth and new clots. Anticoagulation with heparin or direct oral anticoagulants is standard, with longer treatment durations depending on risk factors. In severe cases, thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy may be considered. Prevention focuses on risk factor modification, mobilization after surgery, compression stockings, and appropriate prophylactic anticoagulation in high-risk individuals to reduce recurrence and complications.