Trigonidae

Trigonidae is a family of rays belonging to the order Myliobatiformes. These cartilaginous fishes are characterized by their flattened bodies, typically rhomboidal or diamond-shaped, and the presence of one or more venomous spines on their whip-like tail. They are commonly known as stingrays. Trigonidae is a diverse group, with numerous genera and species found in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide, inhabiting both marine and freshwater environments.

The size of stingrays within the Trigonidae family varies significantly, from small species to large, impressive individuals. Their coloration often provides camouflage against the seabed, with many exhibiting patterns of spots, reticulations, or blotches. Their diet consists primarily of invertebrates, such as crustaceans and mollusks, which they locate using their keen sense of smell and electroreception. Stingrays feed by sifting through sand and mud with their snouts.

The venomous spine on the tail serves as a defense mechanism. While not inherently aggressive, stingrays will use their spine if they feel threatened. The venom can cause significant pain, swelling, and in severe cases, can be dangerous to humans. Trigonidae species play an important role in their respective ecosystems, contributing to nutrient cycling and serving as prey for larger predators. Conservation statuses vary among species, with some facing threats from habitat destruction and overfishing.