stingrays

Stingrays are a group of cartilaginous fish in the suborder Batoidea, within the order Myliobatiformes. They have flattened, disc-shaped bodies with broad pectoral fins fused to the head, giving them a paddle-like form. A long, whip-like tail typically carries one or more venomous spines at the base, used for defense. Stingrays are found in warm, shallow coastal waters worldwide and in estuaries; several species also inhabit freshwater rivers and lakes.

Anatomy and senses: The mouth and nostrils are on the underside, while the eyes and spiracles sit on the top of the body. Gills open ventrally. The dorsal surface is often patterned for camouflage against sandy or muddy bottoms. The spine can deliver venom that causes severe pain and, in rare cases, serious injury.

Behavior and diet: Stingrays are mostly benthic and often bury themselves in sediment to ambush prey. They feed on mollusks, crustaceans, and small fish, using their flattened jaws to crush shells. Many species are slow-moving but capable of short bursts when startled.

Reproduction: Most stingrays are ovoviviparous, with embryos developing inside eggs that hatch within the mother, obtaining nourishment from yolk and, in some species, uterine secretions. Litter sizes range from a few to a dozen or more young, depending on species.

Venom and human interaction: A sting from a spine can require medical treatment. First aid includes removing the spine if embedded, cleaning the wound, and soaking in hot water to denature venom proteins, followed by medical evaluation for infection or allergic reaction. Stingrays are also caught as bycatch and, in some areas, kept in aquariums or fished for meat. Conservation status varies by species, with habitat loss and overfishing affecting many ray populations.