Teadvuskaotus

Teadvuskaotus, or loss of consciousness, is a brief episode of reduced or altered awareness that resolves quickly, usually within seconds to minutes. It is a symptom rather than a disease and most often reflects a form of syncope (fainting).

Causes are grouped into reflex (vasovagal), cardiac, orthostatic, neurological or metabolic, and substance-related. The most common is reflex syncope, often triggered by pain, fear, hunger, or standing. Cardiac causes include arrhythmias and structural heart disease. Orthostatic syncope occurs after standing or rising. Neurological or metabolic causes include seizures, hypoglycemia, and electrolyte disturbances; alcohol or sedatives can contribute.

Evaluation focuses on safety and determining whether the event is fainting or a seizure. In clinical care, clinicians check airway and circulation, measure blood pressure and pulse, obtain a glucose reading, and often perform an electrocardiogram. A thorough history (onset, triggers, prodrome, duration, recovery) and exam guide further testing. Additional tests (echo, rhythm monitoring, tilt-table testing) are used if a cardiac or autonomic cause is suspected.

Management targets the underlying cause. Vasovagal and orthostatic syncope are managed with hydration, adequate salt intake when appropriate, slower position changes, and avoidance of triggers; physical counterpressure maneuvers can help. Cardiac syncope requires treatment of the heart condition and may involve medications, devices, or procedures. Seizure-related loss of consciousness is managed by neurology and appropriate anti-seizure therapy.

Prognosis varies by cause. Many episodes are benign, but cardiac syncope carries higher risk and requires urgent evaluation. Prevention focuses on recognizing triggers, staying hydrated, reviewing medications, and following specialist recommendations for suspected cardiac or autonomic disorders.