Suminagashi

Suminagashi is a traditional Japanese form of paper marbling. The term comes from sumi (ink) and nagashi (flowing), reflecting the technique of floating ink on a liquid surface and transferring the pattern to paper to create delicate, organic designs.

Technique and materials

In a shallow tray, a viscous bath called size—often made from methylcellulose or carrageenan—provides a surface for manipulation. Droplets, lines, or rings of sumi ink or other water-based pigments are carefully laid onto the surface and allowed to spread. Artists often use a comb, needle, brush, or other tools to disturb the floating ink and form concentric swirls, ribbons, or cloud-like patterns. A sheet of paper is then gently laid onto the surface to pick up the pattern and is lifted, rinsed, and dried. The process can be repeated with additional colors to create layered effects. Materials are typically non-toxic and water-based, making the technique accessible to hobbyists and educators as well as professional artists.

History and context

Suminagashi is regarded as an ancient Japanese marbling technique and is frequently cited as a precursor to later marbling traditions in Japan and beyond. It historically appeared in decorative papers used for bookbinding and arts and crafts. The method influenced later European and other marbling styles as international exchange brought Japanese and other Asian papers into contact with Western practitioners.

Modern practice

Today suminagashi is taught in workshops worldwide and remains a popular entry point to paper marbling. While traditional approaches use sumi ink and natural size, contemporary artists may employ synthetic inks and modern sizes, adapting the method to paper, fabrics, and other flat surfaces. Each impression remains unique due to the fluid dynamics of the process.