Suicidrisk

Suicide risk refers to the probability that an individual will engage in suicidal behavior, including thoughts, plans, attempts, or death by suicide, within a defined period. It is a dynamic state shaped by mental health status, psychosocial stressors, coping resources, and access to means. Clinical assessment seeks to estimate current risk and guide safety planning.

Assessment combines clinical interviews with, when appropriate, standardized tools. Key elements are current suicidal ideation, intent and plan, prior attempts, psychiatric comorbidity, substance use, crisis triggers, social support, and coping abilities. Risk levels are typically described as low, moderate, or high, but can change rapidly; continuous monitoring is essential.

Risk factors include mood disorders (depression, bipolar disorder), prior suicide attempts, chronic illness, substance use disorders, acute life events (bereavement, job loss), trauma or abuse, social isolation, and access to lethal means. Protective factors—such as strong personal relationships, access to care, problem-solving skills, reasons for living, and cultural or spiritual beliefs—can reduce risk.

Management emphasizes safety planning, reducing access to means, and treating underlying conditions. In cases of imminent risk, emergency services should be contacted. Care involves primary care and mental health professionals, crisis services, and, with consent, family or caregivers. Confidentiality is balanced with duty to protect when risk is acute.

Prevalence and patterns of suicide risk vary by age, sex, culture, and region, and are influenced by social determinants of health. Risk is not destiny; timely assessment and interventions, including crisis support and ongoing follow-up, can reduce risk.

If you are in immediate danger or considering self-harm, contact emergency services. In the United States call or text 988; in the United Kingdom and Ireland call Samaritans at 116 123; in Canada call 1-833-456-4566. Local resources should be used elsewhere.