SubsurfaceExploration

SubsurfaceExploration is the process of investigating the conditions of the ground below the surface to obtain data on soils, rocks, groundwater, and related geological features. It is used to support the design, construction, and operation of engineering projects, as well as natural resource assessment and environmental planning. The goal is to characterize lithology, stratigraphy, strength properties, deformability, permeability, and groundwater conditions at and below the surface.

Traditional field methods include borehole drilling, test pits, and trenching to recover soil or rock samples and to perform in-situ tests such as standard penetration tests, cone penetration tests, and packer tests. In-situ stress, moisture, and strength are estimated from field tests, while laboratory tests on collected samples determine grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, shear strength, and consolidation behavior. Geophysical surveys, including seismic, electrical resistivity, and ground-penetrating radar, provide indirect subsurface imaging.

Applications span civil and mining engineering, foundation design, slope stability, tunnel and dam projects, and groundwater resource management. SubsurfaceExploration informs hazard assessment for landslides, earthquakes, and flood risk, and supports environmental assessments by delineating contaminant plumes and aquifer boundaries. Data are integrated into geotechnical models and 3D geological representations to guide design and risk reduction.

The process typically begins with project scoping, site access planning, and risk assessment, followed by field data collection, laboratory testing, data interpretation, and reporting. Quality control, professional judgment, and adherence to codes and environmental regulations are essential. Results influence construction methods, foundation design, excavation sequencing, and mitigation strategies.

Challenges include cost, access limitations, varying subsurface conditions, and data scarcity in urban areas.