Stochasticism
Stochasticism is a philosophical position that holds the universe or reality is fundamentally governed by probabilistic rather than deterministic principles. According to this view, events and outcomes are neither fully predictable nor entirely random but are described by probability distributions that capture inherent uncertainty. The term emerged in the early twentieth century as scientists and philosophers sought to explain phenomena that traditional deterministic theories could not account for, particularly in physics, biology, and the social sciences.
Key proponents include physicist Werner Heisenberg, whose interpretation of quantum mechanics emphasized intrinsic indeterminacy; philosopher Alfred
Critics argue that stochasticism may be overly reductionist, downplaying the role of hidden variables or causal