Sternula

Sternula is a genus of small seabirds in the tern family, Laridae. These birds are typically found in coastal and marine environments, often near estuaries and bays. The genus Sternula was established in 1804 by French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot. Birds in this genus are characterized by their slender bodies, pointed wings, and forked tails, typical of terns. They are generally piscivorous, feeding on small fish and invertebrates.

Species within the genus Sternula exhibit a range of plumage variations, often with a black cap and white underparts, especially during the breeding season. Their flight is agile and direct, with frequent hovering over water before diving to catch prey. Breeding habits vary, but many species nest in colonies on the ground or in low vegetation. Incubation and chick-rearing are typically shared by both parents.

The genus currently includes several recognized species, though taxonomic classifications can sometimes be subject to revision based on new genetic and morphological research. Historically, some species now placed in Sternula were once classified under the larger tern genus, Sterna. The distribution of Sternula species is widespread, with some found in temperate and tropical regions across the globe. Conservation status varies among the species, with some facing threats from habitat loss and disturbance.