Squirrels

Squirrels are small to medium-sized rodents in the family Sciuridae, within the order Rodentia. The group includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, and flying squirrels, with about 200 described species. They occupy a wide range of habitats, from forests and grasslands to urban areas, and are widespread in many regions of the world. They are not native to Australia or Antarctica.

Most squirrels have stout bodies, sharp continuously growing incisors, and a long, often bushy tail that aids balance and communication. Tree squirrels are typically agile climbers, using their tails for stabilization while navigating branches. Flying squirrels glide between trees using a patagial membrane.

Habitat and behavior: Tree species construct nests, or dreys, in forks of branches or cavities in trees. Ground-dwelling species may dig burrows. Many squirrels are diurnal and vocal, displaying a variety of calls to communicate. Diet is generally omnivorous, with a focus on seeds and nuts, fruits, fungi, and occasionally insects. A key ecological behavior is caching food for winter, either by scatter-hoarding or storing in a central larder. Cached items may be forgotten and later rediscovered, contributing to seed dispersal and plant regeneration.

Reproduction and development: Most species breed seasonally, producing litters after gestation periods of roughly 38 to 44 days. Litters commonly range from 2 to 6 offspring. Young are altricial, remain in the nest for several weeks, and become independent after a few months.

Ecology and human interactions: Squirrels play important roles in forest dynamics through seed dispersal but can also be pests in gardens and crops. Predators include birds of prey, foxes, snakes, and mustelids. Conservation status varies by species, with habitat loss affecting several.