Somphospondyli

Somphospondyli is an extinct clade of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs that lived during the Cretaceous period. The name "Somphospondyli" is derived from Greek words meaning "spongy vertebrae," a characteristic feature of these dinosaurs. They are distinguished by their pneumatic vertebral centra, which were hollowed out and filled with air sacs, making their skeletons lighter and more flexible. This adaptation is common in many large sauropods but is particularly pronounced in somphospondylans.

Fossils attributed to Somphospondyli have been discovered on various continents, including South America, Africa, and North America, indicating a widespread distribution. These dinosaurs were herbivores and likely grazed on low-lying vegetation. Their large size and powerful limbs would have been adaptations to support their massive bodies and to deter predators.

While the exact phylogenetic placement and definition of Somphospondyli have been subject to debate among paleontologists, it is generally considered a subgroup within the larger Titanosauria. Key genera often included in this clade are such as *Alamosaurus* and *Nigersaurus*. The study of Somphospondyli provides valuable insights into the evolution of sauropods, particularly their skeletal adaptations for increased size and mobility. Research continues to refine our understanding of their diversity, relationships, and ecological roles within Cretaceous ecosystems.