Smärtproblem

Smärtproblem is a term used in Swedish to describe problems with pain that affect daily functioning, often in a chronic form. It encompasses various pain conditions where pain persists beyond typical healing time and may occur with or without an identifiable underlying disease. In clinical practice, smärtproblem is addressed through a biopsychosocial approach that considers biological, psychological, and social factors shaping the pain experience.

Classification typically distinguishes by duration (acute versus chronic) and by mechanism (nociceptive, neuropathic, nociplastic/central sensitization). Primary chronic pain syndromes, such as fibromyalgia, fall under smärtproblem in a broader sense, while secondary pain arises from an underlying medical condition. Common target areas include musculoskeletal regions (back, neck, joints), headaches, abdominal or pelvic pain, and neuropathic patterns.

Causes are multifactorial. Biological contributors include tissue injury, inflammation, nerve damage, and sensitization of the nervous system. Psychological and social factors—such as stress, mood disorders, sleep disturbances, and disability—can amplify symptoms and complicate recovery. The interplay among these factors means pain can persist even when a clear structural pathology is not evident.

Assessment involves a thorough patient history and physical examination, assessment of functional impact, and screening for red flags that require medical attention. Tools such as pain intensity scales, disability questionnaires, and mood assessments aid in planning treatment. Imaging or laboratory tests may be used to exclude serious disease when indicated.

Management aims to reduce pain, improve function, and enhance quality of life. A multidisciplinary plan often includes education, physical therapy, graded exercise, psychological therapies (notably cognitive behavioral therapy), sleep optimization, and pharmacological options (for example NSAIDs, antidepressants, anticonvulsants) with careful monitoring. Self-management strategies and appropriate rehabilitation support are central to long-term outcomes.