Sanitaation
Sanitaation is the system of facilities, services, and practices that enable the safe management of human excreta, wastewater, and solid waste, along with hygiene promotion. It includes the design and operation of toilets, sewer networks or on-site septic systems, fecal sludge management, wastewater treatment, solid waste collection, and safe disposal or reuse options. It also covers drainage, hygiene promotion, and the governance structures that coordinate these activities.
Access to adequate sanitation is a key public health determinant. Proper sanitation reduces transmission of diarrheal
Technologies and approaches vary by context. In urban areas, centralized sewerage with wastewater treatment is common,
Implementation relies on governments, utilities, private providers, and communities. Financing mechanisms include public budgets, tariffs, subsidies,
Challenges include rapid urbanization, poverty, informal settlements, climate change, and governance fragmentation. Addressing these requires integrated