Sananvapaus

Sananvapaus, or freedom of expression, is the right to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas without undue interference by authorities. It covers spoken and written words, art, journalism, broadcasting, and online communication, and is central to democratic debate and cultural life.

In Finland, sananvapaus is protected as a fundamental right in the constitution and is reinforced by applicable laws on press, privacy, and criminal code. Internationally, it aligns with Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the ICCPR, which recognize freedom of expression but allow certain limitations in a democratic society.

Scope: It enables individuals to criticize public bodies, public figures, and ideas, and supports access to information and a free press. It also protects the right of journalists to publish and of citizens to receive information, including on matters of public concern.

Limitations: The freedom is not absolute. Restrictions aim to protect other rights and interests, such as privacy, reputation, safety, and national security. Common limits include defamation, hate speech, incitement to violence, threats, child protection, and publication of confidential information.

History: Freedom of expression has deep roots in Nordic legal tradition, with early press freedom statutes in the region contributing to modern understanding. Finland’s legal framework developed through constitutional provisions and specific media and information laws, adapting to digital media and online platforms.

Contemporary issues: Debates focus on how to balance free expression with protection against hate speech, misinformation, and online harassment. Courts, legislators, and platforms continue to refine what kinds of speech are permissible in public life, online spaces, and broadcasting.