RvE3s

RvE3s (resolvin E3s) are a class of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) that belong to the resolvin family. They are derived from the omega‑3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) through oxygenation reactions catalyzed by lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 enzymes. The structures of RvE3s contain several hydroxyl groups and a conjugated oxylipin skeleton, features that confer biological activity distinct from other resolvins such as RvE1 and RvE2.

The primary physiological role of RvE3s is the regulation of inflammation. They act by dampening neutrophil recruitment, reducing pro‑inflammatory cytokine release, and promoting macrophage-mediated clearance of apoptotic cells. In vitro studies demonstrate that RvE3s inhibit the production of tumor necrosis factor‑α and interleukin‑1β in activated macrophages, thereby shifting the cellular milieu toward an anti‑inflammatory state. In vivo, animal models of acute lung injury and colitis have shown that RvE3 administration accelerates resolution, leading to decreased tissue damage and faster recovery.

RvE3s also influence pain perception by interacting with transient receptor potential channels and opioid receptors, suggesting potential therapeutic applications in chronic pain management. Pharmacokinetic analyses indicate that RvE3s are metabolically stable compared to earlier resolvins, which may enhance their bioavailability.

Research into RvE3s is ongoing, with studies examining their synthetic analogues, receptor targets (such as GPR32 and ChemR23), and therapeutic potential in inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular disease, and neuroprotection. As part of the larger family of lipid‑based signaling molecules, RvE3s exemplify how dietary omega‑3 fatty acids can be converted into potent endogenous mediators that actively resolve inflammation rather than merely suppress it.