RhoGAM

RhoGAM is a brand-name Rh(D) immune globulin used to prevent Rh incompatibility reactions in Rh-negative pregnant people who may be exposed to Rh-positive fetal red blood cells. The product is derived from human plasma and contains antibodies against the Rh(D) antigen.

Mechanism of action: The anti-D antibodies in RhoGAM circulate in the mother’s bloodstream and bind to any fetal RhD-positive red blood cells that have entered maternal circulation. This helps clear the fetal cells before the mother’s immune system can recognize the RhD antigen and form anti-D antibodies, thereby reducing the risk of maternal sensitization.

Indications and usage: RhoGAM is used to prevent Rh sensitization in Rh-negative individuals at risk of fetomaternal hemorrhage, most commonly during pregnancy and after delivery if the baby is Rh-positive. It is also given after procedures or events that can mix fetal and maternal blood—such as abortion, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, trauma, or delivery—to prevent the formation of anti-D antibodies.

Administration: RhoGAM is administered by intramuscular injection. The required dose and timing depend on gestational age and the clinical situation; standard regimens typically involve a prenatal dose during pregnancy and a postnatal dose after delivery, with additional doses after events that may cause fetomaternal hemorrhage.

Safety and limitations: The product is generally well tolerated; common side effects include injection-site pain or fever. Severe allergic reactions are rare. Because it is plasma-derived, there is a very small risk of infection transmission, though donor screening minimizes this risk. RhoGAM is ineffective if the recipient is already immunized against Rh(D).