postnatal

Postnatal, also called postpartum, refers to the period after childbirth during which the mother and newborn recover and adapt. In medical literature, the puerperium denotes roughly the first six weeks after delivery, though some guidelines consider the postpartum period to extend beyond that. The term encompasses physical, emotional, and social changes for the family.

For the mother, common processes include uterine involution, lochia discharge, hormonal changes, fatigue, and adjustments to caregiving. Most women recover physically over several weeks, but some experience complications such as heavy bleeding, infection, or surgical wound issues after cesarean delivery. A postpartum checkup is usually scheduled around six weeks after birth, but earlier evaluation may be recommended if problems arise. Guidance often covers activity, rest, wound care, contraception, and resumption of sexual activity.

For the infant, postnatal care focuses on feeding, growth, screening, and protection from illness. Newborns are observed for feeding competence, weight gain, jaundice, and infection signs. Early postnatal appointments assess development and monitor health; essential immunizations begin in infancy and routine pediatric visits continue thereafter. Breastfeeding and formula feeding are supported according to parental choice and medical needs.

Postnatal mental health is a key component of care. Postnatal depression affects a notable share of new mothers and sometimes partners; symptoms include low mood, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and difficulty bonding. Screening during the postpartum period is common in many health systems; treatment may involve counseling, social support, and, in some cases, medication. Access to care, family support, and socioeconomic factors influence risk and outcomes.