Rheuma

Rheuma, or rheumatism, is a broad term used to describe diseases that affect the joints, muscles, bones, and connective tissue. In clinical usage, rheumatic diseases include inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, degenerative and metabolic conditions like osteoarthritis and gout, and functional syndromes such as fibromyalgia. The term covers more than a hundred distinct disorders with varied causes and courses.

Common symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced range of motion. Fatigue, fever, and malaise may accompany inflammatory diseases. Symptoms can be persistent, episodic, or fluctuate with activity and treatment, and they may affect one joint or multiple sites.

Causes and risk factors are multifactorial. Genetic predisposition, immune system dysfunction, environmental triggers, infections, and metabolic abnormalities can play roles, depending on the specific condition. Autoimmune diseases involve immune-mediated tissue damage, while other rheumatic conditions arise from wear and tear or metabolic processes.

Diagnosis relies on a combination of history, physical examination, laboratory tests (such as inflammation markers like ESR and CRP, autoantibodies, and uric acid levels), and imaging (X-ray, ultrasound, MRI) to assess joints and surrounding tissues. Classification criteria help guide diagnosis and treatment decisions, but there is no single definitive test for all rheumatic diseases.

Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, control inflammation, prevent joint damage, and preserve function. It may include NSAIDs for pain, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic agents, corticosteroids, and physical therapy. Non-drug approaches—exercise, weight management, splints, and occupational therapy—are also important. Early and ongoing management improves outcomes and quality of life for many patients.