Revivalism

Revivalism is a term used to describe efforts to renew religious faith and practice within a community, often through revival meetings, emotional preaching, and renewed commitments. Although most commonly associated with Christianity, the concept also appears in other religious and secular traditions as a broad pattern of renewal and reform.

Historically, revivalism has been central to Protestant Christianity since the early modern period. The 18th century saw the first Great Awakening in Britain and the American colonies, characterized by itinerant preachers, dramatic sermons, and revival meetings that sought to convert individuals and energize churches. Figures such as George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards illustrated a shift towards experiential religion and personal conversion.

During the 19th century the United States experienced the Second Great Awakening, with camp meetings and widespread evangelical fervor contributing to social reform movements, temperance, and missionary activity. Revivalist impulses also spread to other Anglophone regions and to parts of Africa and Asia, shaping local religious landscapes.

Religious revivalism later diversified into Pentecostal and charismatic movements in the 20th century, emphasizing spiritual gifts, spoken tongues, and renewed worship experiences. Revival forms persisted in Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant contexts, sometimes taking on national or denominational colors and influencing church growth strategies.

Beyond religion, revivalism has influenced architecture and the arts, giving rise to revivalist styles such as Gothic Revival and Classical Revival that sought to resurrect historical aesthetics. In national cultures, revivalist currents can accompany movements of cultural or political renewal.

Critics have questioned revivalism for appealing to emotion over reason, fostering sectarianism, and sometimes aligning with political or colonial agendas. Proponents argue that revivalist methods can renew faith, strengthen communities, and expand religious or cultural horizons.