missionary

A missionary is a person who is sent to promote a religion, or to provide humanitarian or social services, in a foreign country or community. The term is most closely associated with Christian churches and missionary societies, but other faith traditions also maintain organized missionary efforts. Missionaries may be ordained clergy, lay volunteers, or members of non-governmental organizations, and they operate for varying lengths of time, from short-term campaigns to lifelong assignments.

Historically, Christian missions emerged in the earliest centuries and expanded with European exploration and empire-building from the 15th to 19th centuries. Missionaries established churches, schools, hospitals, and literacy programs, often in regions where local institutions were limited. The work frequently involved language learning and translation of scriptures into local languages. Mission activities have been linked to cultural change and, in some cases, to colonial power structures, leading to ongoing debates about cultural autonomy, consent, and historical harm.

Activities commonly include preaching or teaching religious beliefs, Bible or Scripture translation, education, medical care, and development aid. They may collaborate with local communities and churches, training local leaders and supporting community projects. In modern practice, mission work varies widely by organization and country, with some groups emphasizing evangelism, others focusing mainly on humanitarian service, and many adopting ethical guidelines regarding consent and cultural sensitivity.