Reumatoida

Reumatoida is a term used in several languages to describe conditions related to rheumatism, most commonly rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the joints and connective tissues. In clinical use, it often denotes RA, a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects synovial joints and can lead to joint damage and disability if untreated.

The disease is characterized by symmetric joint involvement, including hands, wrists, and feet, with swelling, tenderness, and morning stiffness that lasts more than 30 minutes. Systemic symptoms such as fatigue, low-grade fever, and malaise may accompany joint symptoms. Extra-articular features can include anemia, lung or eye involvement, and nodules under the skin. The exact cause is unknown, but a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers, such as smoking, is implicated. Autoimmune processes lead to synovial inflammation and progressive joint destruction through pannus formation and cytokine-mediated tissue damage.

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment supported by laboratory tests and imaging. Serology may reveal rheumatoid factor or anti‑cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies. Inflammatory markers (ESR, CRP) are often elevated. Imaging (ultrasound, MRI, X-ray) can detect synovitis and early erosions. Diagnostic criteria from rheumatology associations help classify RA for research and treatment decisions.

Treatment aims to control inflammation, relieve symptoms, and prevent damage. First-line pharmacotherapy is disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), particularly methotrexate, often combined with short courses of glucocorticoids and NSAIDs for symptom relief. Biologic DMARDs or targeted synthetic DMARDs (e.g., TNF inhibitors, IL‑6 inhibitors, JAK inhibitors) are used when response is insufficient. Nonpharmacologic care includes physical therapy, exercise, and vaccination.

Prognosis improves with early, sustained treatment; chronic RA carries increased risk of cardiovascular disease and functional impairment.