Retinolo

Retinolo, commonly referred to as retinol, is an alcohol form of vitamin A used primarily in cosmetic and dermatological products. It is a provitamin that serves as a precursor to retinoic acid, the active metabolite in the skin.

In the skin, retinol is converted first to retinaldehyde and then to retinoic acid. Through binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), it modulates gene expression, promoting increased cell turnover, improving epidermal thickness, stimulating collagen synthesis, and reducing abnormal pigmentation. These effects contribute to improvements in fine lines, texture, and acne-related issues.

Cosmetic products typically contain retinol at concentrations around 0.1% to 1%. Retinyl esters, such as retinyl palmitate, are storage forms that are more stable but less potent. Retinol is sensitive to light and air, so stable formulations use protective packaging, antioxidants, and sometimes encapsulation or lipid-based carriers. For best results, products are applied at night and paired with broad-spectrum sunscreen during daytime use.

Safety and considerations: retinol can cause irritation, redness, and dryness, especially when starting use or with high concentrations. It can increase sun sensitivity, so sun protection is essential. Pregnant individuals are usually advised to avoid retinoids containing retinol or related compounds; consult a healthcare professional for guidance. Start with lower strengths and gradually increase to minimize irritation, and avoid concurrent use with certain other actives without professional advice.