Reproduktionsproblem

Reproduktionsproblem, often described as fertility problems in English, is a broad term for conditions that impair the ability to conceive, carry a pregnancy to term, or reproduce effectively. In humans, it encompasses infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, and disorders of sexual and reproductive function. Infertility is typically defined as the inability to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse (or 6 months for women over 35). Recurrent pregnancy loss refers to multiple miscarriages, usually defined as two or more consecutive pregnancy losses. In German and several Nordic languages, reproduktionsproblem is the term used to describe these conditions. Reproductive health problems may involve the male or female partner, or both.

Causes include hormonal imbalances (such as polycystic ovary syndrome or thyroid disorders), structural problems (blocked fallopian tubes, uterine abnormalities, endometriosis), age-related decline in egg quality, male factor such as low sperm count or motility, genetic conditions, and lifestyle or environmental factors like smoking, obesity, alcohol use, radiation, or toxin exposure. Some cases are due to unknown factors. Coexisting health conditions and certain medications can also affect fertility.

Diagnostics typically begin with medical history and physical examination, followed by semen analysis, assessment of ovulation, hormonal testing, and imaging (ultrasound, hysterogram). In some cases genetic testing or diagnostic laparoscopy is indicated. Because infertility and related problems can involve both partners, evaluation often requires a joint approach and may involve referrals to fertility specialists.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medications to induce ovulation (such as clomiphene or letrozole), surgical repair for structural problems, and fertility treatments such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) or assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Donor gametes and surrogacy are options in selected circumstances, and counseling is an important component of care.

Prognosis varies with age, diagnosis, and access to care. Reproduktionsproblem can affect emotional well-being, relationships, and finances; timely medical evaluation improves chances of achieving pregnancy. See also infertility, reproductive health, and assisted reproduction.